What Is Polkadot Crypto? A Beginner-Friendly Guide
What is Polkadot crypto? It’s the multichain protocol that makes Ethereum look like AOL.
If that sounds aggressively tech-forward, stick with us; we’ll break it down in human terms. Polkadot isn’t just another coin or a faster smart contract platform. It’s a deep rethink of how blockchains can talk to each other and scale as one collaborative ecosystem. Built by Ethereum co-founder Gavin Wood when he realized the blockchain world needed highways more than skyscrapers, Polkadot is less about financial speculation and more about infrastructure.
So why should you care? Because in the congested city that is crypto, Polkadot builds bridges. You don’t have to be a developer to understand why a disconnected Web3 is a broken Web3. Your NFTs, your GameFi assets, your DeFi tokens, right now, they live in silos. Polkadot unlocks the plumbing to connect them.
Let’s decode it; what Polkadot really is, how it functions, why it matters, and what all of this means, whether you’re a builder, investor, or just curious about where crypto is going next.
What Is Polkadot Crypto, in Simple Terms?
Polkadot isn’t just a coin. It’s a protocol, a framework for building and stitching together many blockchains into one unified network. If Ethereum is a city full of dApps built on one massive skyscraper, Polkadot is the entire interstate system of suburban cities (called parachains), each specialized, secure, and interconnected.
At the heart of this system is the Relay Chain. It’s like the air traffic control tower, coordinating the flow of data across parachains, but never getting bogged down running smart contracts itself. It delegates that work out to parachains, which can be optimized for everything from DeFi to identity systems.
So you’ve got speed, customization, and most importantly, connection. This is crypto’s answer to a real Layer 0: infrastructure that ties everything together without forcing everyone to rebuild or compete.
Created by Gavin Wood in 2016 and officially launched in 2020, Polkadot was designed to solve three of blockchain’s fundamental flaws: scalability, interoperability, and governance.
How Does Polkadot Work?
You’ve got two layers: the base (Relay Chain) and the verticals (Parachains).
Parachains: Modular Blockchains Plugged into the Network
Parachains are independent blockchains with their own tokens, logic, and functionality, but hooked into the Relay Chain for security and communication. Think of them like departments in a decentralized company. Finance does its own thing. HR does HR things. But they all report to corporate.
This structure lets each chain build for its own use case without reinventing the wheel. There are parachains for NFTs (like Unique Network), DeFi (like Acala), smart contract platforms (like Moonbeam), and even privacy (like Phala).
Relay chain: The backbone securing the network
The Relay Chain is the neutral middle ground. It doesn’t host dApps or run logic; it just ensures that parachains don’t go rogue. Think of it as the conductor in a symphony, keeping the tempo while each instrument (parachain) plays its own tune.
Validators stake $DOT to help secure this layer. Nominators back them. And collators coordinate data between parachains and relay it back to the conductor.
$Dot token: Glue, gas, and governance
$DOT is the native asset of the Polkadot network.
It plays three roles:
1. Governance: Hold $DOT and you get voting power. Propose changes, vote on upgrades, or delegate your vote.
2. Staking: Validators and nominators lock up $DOT to secure the network. Good behavior gets rewarded; bad behavior gets slashed.
3. Bonding: If you want your parachain to live on Polkadot, you've got to bond $DOT in a parachain slot auction. It’s the Internet but with limited shelf space.
$DOT is less of a “currency to spend” and more of a “ticket to play.”
Interoperability via messaging (XCMP)
Here’s where it gets interesting: Polkadot isn’t content with plugging blockchains into its own hub. It also enables cross-chain message passing (XCMP), allowing parachains to send assets, messages, and logic calls between each other, without going through a centralized intermediary.
Imagine a DeFi dApp on one parachain directly interacting with a wallet or identity protocol on another. That’s power. That’s usability.
Cross-chain communication (XCMP)
How does Polkadot enable communication between different blockchains?
Polkadot enables cross-blockchain communication through a protocol called XCMP, Cross-Chain Message Passing. This system lets independent blockchains (called parachains) send messages and data to each other securely and without relying on external bridges. In practice, that means tokens, smart contract calls, or any arbitrary data can move across chains that plug into Polkadot’s ecosystem.
Think of it this way...
Think of Polkadot like a USB hub for blockchains. Each parachain is like a different device, say, a keyboard or a Webcam, and the Polkadot Relay Chain is the hub they all plug into. Without needing drivers or custom adapters (which can be risky in crypto), they can all exchange data through the same central system.
What’s powerful here is that blockchains don’t just coexist, they collaborate. That cooperation opens up possibilities for multi-chain DeFi apps, interoperable NFTs, or cross-chain identity systems that don’t rely on centralized intermediaries. Unlike blockchain bridges, which are often trust-based and buggy, Polkadot’s message passing is native and more secure by design.
Can developers create cross-chain smart contracts using Polkadot’s XCMP protocol?
Yes, developers can create cross-chain smart contracts using Polkadot’s XCMP (Cross-Chain Message Passing) protocol, but with conditions. XCMP lets smart contracts or runtime logic on one parachain trigger actions or move data on another parachain, assuming both chains support the interaction.
It’s like setting up an automated workflow between two apps using an API. If app A triggers a webhook, app B can execute a function. Same concept, just on-chain.
For example, a DeFi protocol on Moonbeam (an Ethereum-compatible parachain) could send a pricing update to a lending protocol on Acala or trigger fund movements. The key challenge today is interoperability between different contract languages and runtimes, but tools like Polkadot SDKs and ink! are making this more seamless.
XCMP is still evolving, but early adopters are already exploring use cases like cross-chain swaps, messaging, staking, and governance.
On-chain upgrades: No forks required
Most blockchains upgrade the way people used to update software: with a hard split. Ethereum did it. Bitcoin’s done it. It’s messy.
Polkadot features on-chain governance where updates can be voted on and executed automatically, without fragmenting the chain in half. It’s over-the-air firmware for crypto, progress without breaking systems.
How Does Polkadot Compare to Ethereum?
Are they competing? Kinda
Polkadot and Ethereum serve different worldviews. Ethereum is the dominant Layer 1. Polkadot is a framework for many Layer 1s to coexist and co-operate. They’re not mutually exclusive, but they do compete for developers and capital.
What’s the difference between Polkadot and Cosmos in terms of interoperability?
Both Polkadot and Cosmos focus on interoperability but approach it differently. Polkadot uses a shared security model with a central Relay Chain, while Cosmos gives each blockchain its own sovereignty and connects them via the IBC (Inter-Blockchain Communication) protocol.
Think of it this way...
Polkadot is more like a multi-lane highway with a central toll booth (the Relay Chain), where every lane’s security is monitored and enforced centrally. Cosmos is more like a network of local roads connected by bridges, where each town builds its own maintenance crew and laws.
Polkadot’s model gives smaller projects peace of mind; they benefit from pooled security and Relay Chain coordination. Cosmos favors flexibility, allowing each chain to set its own consensus rules, but that can mean more responsibility (and risk) for new projects to stay secure and compatible. That tradeoff makes Cosmos more modular, but Polkadot easier to secure at scale.
Ethereum 2.0 adopts sharding, which breaks Ethereum into smaller pieces for efficiency. In contrast, Polkadot launched with the idea of multichain from the start. Its parachains are sovereign and independent, not shards of a larger whole.
Smart contracts: Built-in vs customized
Ethereum has smart contracts embedded at the protocol level. It’s Solidity all the way. Polkadot doesn’t run smart contracts natively on the Relay Chain; it pushes that to parachains. Moonbeam offers Ethereum compatibility with Solidity and EVM. Astar supports both EVM and WASM contracts.
This adds flexibility but also complexity. Want your chain to be entirely Rust-based? Go for it. All WebAssembly? That’s an option. But you need to build more yourself.
What are the benefits of building a dApp on a Polkadot parachain vs. Ethereum?
Building on a Polkadot parachain gives developers more flexibility and better performance, while Ethereum offers mature tools and a larger user base. The biggest advantage of Polkadot is customizability; each parachain can be optimized for a specific use case, with its own rules, tokens, and functionality.
Think of it this way...
Think of Ethereum like an apartment building: everyone gets the same layout, but it’s crowded and noisy. Polkadot is more like building your own house in a gated community; you control the floor plan, and the community handles security and maintenance.
Cost is another factor. Gas fees on Ethereum can spike, especially during congestion. Polkadot parachains can handle more transactions at cheaper rates, since they’re separate yet coordinated chains. And with native cross-chain communication via XCMP, dApps can interact across parachains without relying on risky external bridges.
Trade-offs and tuning
Polkadot’s design makes it far more modular and customizable. But it comes at the cost of a steeper learning curve and a higher barrier to entry (due to $DOT bonding and slot auctions). It’s not necessarily “better” than Ethereum; it’s just built for a broader ambition.
Benefits of Polkadot
The main superpowers
Polkadot’s got three standout features: interoperability, scalability, and shared security.
Chains built on Polkadot don’t have to bootstrap their own security models. They inherit it from the Relay Chain. A new blockchain doesn’t need to find 500 validators or waste time on consensus politics; it plugs in and rides the wave.
The network supports high transaction throughput because each parachain handles its own load. And chains can communicate natively via the XCMP framework, useful for everything from cross-chain swaps to multi-chain dApps.
How is Polkadot planning to scale as more parachains go live?
Polkadot scales by design using parallelization. Each parachain runs independently but plugs into the shared Relay Chain for security and coordination. This parallel structure, called “sharding” in other contexts, lets Polkadot process multiple transactions at once, unlike blockchains that process blocks linearly.
Think of it this way...
It’s like upgrading from a single checkout lane at the supermarket to 50 self-service kiosks. More people can check out faster because tasks aren’t competing for the same resource.
Scaling further, Polkadot is rolling out features like asynchronous backing, which allows parachains to validate blocks more efficiently, and nested relay chains, which would let the network have “Relay Chains of Relay Chains,” expanding its capacity even more.
Key Takeaways
In short, Polkadot doesn’t scale by making one chain faster; it scales by adding more chains that work together without losing security.
How do parachain auctions impact the growth of the Polkadot ecosystem?
Parachain auctions determine which projects get to connect to Polkadot as a parachain. Since space is limited, projects compete for slots by bidding $DOT tokens, often with help from the community through crowdloans. This auction system helps filter for serious, well-supported projects that are ready to scale.
Think of it this way...
Think of it like a music festival with a limited number of artist slots. Bands apply to perform, but only those with real backing and support from fans get on stage. This keeps the lineup strong and the audience engaged.
For the Polkadot ecosystem, auctions drive growth in three ways: they attract developer talent, encourage $DOT token staking and usage, and kickstart ecosystems around each winning parachain. Some examples include Acala (DeFi), Moonbeam (smart contracts), and Astar (multi-chain dApps). Each adds meaningful functionality to the broader network.
Governance is baked in at every level. Not just for upgrades, but for economic and roadmap decisions too. It’s democracy, DAO-style.
Risks and Limitations
Technical risks
Relay Chain bugs or implementation errors in parachains can lead to systemic failures. This is bleeding-edge territory; one misconfigured validator set or bridge exploit could have ripple effects across the network. And while shared security sounds great, it also introduces correlated risks. A compromised Relay Chain is bad news for everyone.
Economic complexity
Slot auctions require projects to lock up large amounts of $DOT, imposing a capital cost that heavily favors VC-backed projects. Smaller players can’t easily compete unless they run community crowdloans, which adds legal and regulatory risk. Also, long staking and unbonding periods (up to 28 days) make $DOT less nimble for users who want liquidity.
Regulatory uncertainty
Like all public chains, Polkadot lives in the gray zone. Its governance model dances on the edge of DAO territory, which regulators are still trying to define. And parachains with financial functions must navigate an inconsistent regulatory world across jurisdictions.
Final Thoughts: What Is Polkadot ($DOT) and Why It Matters
Polkadot isn’t trying to be another Ethereum. It’s trying to be the protocol other protocols can live on. Instead of everyone building silos, it offers a canvas to connect chains, share costs, and evolve together.
From a long-term view? It’s an ambitious bet on the modular, multichain future of Web3. The idea isn’t just about speed or NFTs, it’s about making decentralized protocols actually interoperable at scale.
If you’re interested in the future of composability, if you’re a builder tired of Layer 1 limitations, or if you simply want to understand how crypto might escape the tribal wars of chain maximalism, you owe it to yourself to watch what’s happening on Polkadot.
Want to go deeper? Start here:
- What is blockchain scalability, and what are the current solutions?
- What is composability in DeFi, and why is it a competitive advantage?
- What are rollups, and how do they scale Ethereum?
No one knows if Polkadot will become the backbone of Web3, but if we’re betting on infrastructure and coordination, this protocol is already writing the blueprints.
What is Polkadot crypto? It’s the multichain protocol that makes Ethereum look like AOL.
If that sounds aggressively tech-forward, stick with us; we’ll break it down in human terms. Polkadot isn’t just another coin or a faster smart contract platform. It’s a deep rethink of how blockchains can talk to each other and scale as one collaborative ecosystem. Built by Ethereum co-founder Gavin Wood when he realized the blockchain world needed highways more than skyscrapers, Polkadot is less about financial speculation and more about infrastructure.
So why should you care? Because in the congested city that is crypto, Polkadot builds bridges. You don’t have to be a developer to understand why a disconnected Web3 is a broken Web3. Your NFTs, your GameFi assets, your DeFi tokens, right now, they live in silos. Polkadot unlocks the plumbing to connect them.
Let’s decode it; what Polkadot really is, how it functions, why it matters, and what all of this means, whether you’re a builder, investor, or just curious about where crypto is going next.
What Is Polkadot Crypto, in Simple Terms?
Polkadot isn’t just a coin. It’s a protocol, a framework for building and stitching together many blockchains into one unified network. If Ethereum is a city full of dApps built on one massive skyscraper, Polkadot is the entire interstate system of suburban cities (called parachains), each specialized, secure, and interconnected.
At the heart of this system is the Relay Chain. It’s like the air traffic control tower, coordinating the flow of data across parachains, but never getting bogged down running smart contracts itself. It delegates that work out to parachains, which can be optimized for everything from DeFi to identity systems.
So you’ve got speed, customization, and most importantly, connection. This is crypto’s answer to a real Layer 0: infrastructure that ties everything together without forcing everyone to rebuild or compete.
Created by Gavin Wood in 2016 and officially launched in 2020, Polkadot was designed to solve three of blockchain’s fundamental flaws: scalability, interoperability, and governance.
How Does Polkadot Work?
You’ve got two layers: the base (Relay Chain) and the verticals (Parachains).
Parachains: Modular Blockchains Plugged into the Network
Parachains are independent blockchains with their own tokens, logic, and functionality, but hooked into the Relay Chain for security and communication. Think of them like departments in a decentralized company. Finance does its own thing. HR does HR things. But they all report to corporate.
This structure lets each chain build for its own use case without reinventing the wheel. There are parachains for NFTs (like Unique Network), DeFi (like Acala), smart contract platforms (like Moonbeam), and even privacy (like Phala).
Relay chain: The backbone securing the network
The Relay Chain is the neutral middle ground. It doesn’t host dApps or run logic; it just ensures that parachains don’t go rogue. Think of it as the conductor in a symphony, keeping the tempo while each instrument (parachain) plays its own tune.
Validators stake $DOT to help secure this layer. Nominators back them. And collators coordinate data between parachains and relay it back to the conductor.
$Dot token: Glue, gas, and governance
$DOT is the native asset of the Polkadot network.
It plays three roles:
1. Governance: Hold $DOT and you get voting power. Propose changes, vote on upgrades, or delegate your vote.
2. Staking: Validators and nominators lock up $DOT to secure the network. Good behavior gets rewarded; bad behavior gets slashed.
3. Bonding: If you want your parachain to live on Polkadot, you've got to bond $DOT in a parachain slot auction. It’s the Internet but with limited shelf space.
$DOT is less of a “currency to spend” and more of a “ticket to play.”
Interoperability via messaging (XCMP)
Here’s where it gets interesting: Polkadot isn’t content with plugging blockchains into its own hub. It also enables cross-chain message passing (XCMP), allowing parachains to send assets, messages, and logic calls between each other, without going through a centralized intermediary.
Imagine a DeFi dApp on one parachain directly interacting with a wallet or identity protocol on another. That’s power. That’s usability.
Cross-chain communication (XCMP)
How does Polkadot enable communication between different blockchains?
Polkadot enables cross-blockchain communication through a protocol called XCMP, Cross-Chain Message Passing. This system lets independent blockchains (called parachains) send messages and data to each other securely and without relying on external bridges. In practice, that means tokens, smart contract calls, or any arbitrary data can move across chains that plug into Polkadot’s ecosystem.
Think of it this way...
Think of Polkadot like a USB hub for blockchains. Each parachain is like a different device, say, a keyboard or a Webcam, and the Polkadot Relay Chain is the hub they all plug into. Without needing drivers or custom adapters (which can be risky in crypto), they can all exchange data through the same central system.
What’s powerful here is that blockchains don’t just coexist, they collaborate. That cooperation opens up possibilities for multi-chain DeFi apps, interoperable NFTs, or cross-chain identity systems that don’t rely on centralized intermediaries. Unlike blockchain bridges, which are often trust-based and buggy, Polkadot’s message passing is native and more secure by design.
Can developers create cross-chain smart contracts using Polkadot’s XCMP protocol?
Yes, developers can create cross-chain smart contracts using Polkadot’s XCMP (Cross-Chain Message Passing) protocol, but with conditions. XCMP lets smart contracts or runtime logic on one parachain trigger actions or move data on another parachain, assuming both chains support the interaction.
It’s like setting up an automated workflow between two apps using an API. If app A triggers a webhook, app B can execute a function. Same concept, just on-chain.
For example, a DeFi protocol on Moonbeam (an Ethereum-compatible parachain) could send a pricing update to a lending protocol on Acala or trigger fund movements. The key challenge today is interoperability between different contract languages and runtimes, but tools like Polkadot SDKs and ink! are making this more seamless.
XCMP is still evolving, but early adopters are already exploring use cases like cross-chain swaps, messaging, staking, and governance.
On-chain upgrades: No forks required
Most blockchains upgrade the way people used to update software: with a hard split. Ethereum did it. Bitcoin’s done it. It’s messy.
Polkadot features on-chain governance where updates can be voted on and executed automatically, without fragmenting the chain in half. It’s over-the-air firmware for crypto, progress without breaking systems.
How Does Polkadot Compare to Ethereum?
Are they competing? Kinda
Polkadot and Ethereum serve different worldviews. Ethereum is the dominant Layer 1. Polkadot is a framework for many Layer 1s to coexist and co-operate. They’re not mutually exclusive, but they do compete for developers and capital.
What’s the difference between Polkadot and Cosmos in terms of interoperability?
Both Polkadot and Cosmos focus on interoperability but approach it differently. Polkadot uses a shared security model with a central Relay Chain, while Cosmos gives each blockchain its own sovereignty and connects them via the IBC (Inter-Blockchain Communication) protocol.
Think of it this way...
Polkadot is more like a multi-lane highway with a central toll booth (the Relay Chain), where every lane’s security is monitored and enforced centrally. Cosmos is more like a network of local roads connected by bridges, where each town builds its own maintenance crew and laws.
Polkadot’s model gives smaller projects peace of mind; they benefit from pooled security and Relay Chain coordination. Cosmos favors flexibility, allowing each chain to set its own consensus rules, but that can mean more responsibility (and risk) for new projects to stay secure and compatible. That tradeoff makes Cosmos more modular, but Polkadot easier to secure at scale.
Ethereum 2.0 adopts sharding, which breaks Ethereum into smaller pieces for efficiency. In contrast, Polkadot launched with the idea of multichain from the start. Its parachains are sovereign and independent, not shards of a larger whole.
Smart contracts: Built-in vs customized
Ethereum has smart contracts embedded at the protocol level. It’s Solidity all the way. Polkadot doesn’t run smart contracts natively on the Relay Chain; it pushes that to parachains. Moonbeam offers Ethereum compatibility with Solidity and EVM. Astar supports both EVM and WASM contracts.
This adds flexibility but also complexity. Want your chain to be entirely Rust-based? Go for it. All WebAssembly? That’s an option. But you need to build more yourself.
What are the benefits of building a dApp on a Polkadot parachain vs. Ethereum?
Building on a Polkadot parachain gives developers more flexibility and better performance, while Ethereum offers mature tools and a larger user base. The biggest advantage of Polkadot is customizability; each parachain can be optimized for a specific use case, with its own rules, tokens, and functionality.
Think of it this way...
Think of Ethereum like an apartment building: everyone gets the same layout, but it’s crowded and noisy. Polkadot is more like building your own house in a gated community; you control the floor plan, and the community handles security and maintenance.
Cost is another factor. Gas fees on Ethereum can spike, especially during congestion. Polkadot parachains can handle more transactions at cheaper rates, since they’re separate yet coordinated chains. And with native cross-chain communication via XCMP, dApps can interact across parachains without relying on risky external bridges.
Trade-offs and tuning
Polkadot’s design makes it far more modular and customizable. But it comes at the cost of a steeper learning curve and a higher barrier to entry (due to $DOT bonding and slot auctions). It’s not necessarily “better” than Ethereum; it’s just built for a broader ambition.
Benefits of Polkadot
The main superpowers
Polkadot’s got three standout features: interoperability, scalability, and shared security.
Chains built on Polkadot don’t have to bootstrap their own security models. They inherit it from the Relay Chain. A new blockchain doesn’t need to find 500 validators or waste time on consensus politics; it plugs in and rides the wave.
The network supports high transaction throughput because each parachain handles its own load. And chains can communicate natively via the XCMP framework, useful for everything from cross-chain swaps to multi-chain dApps.
How is Polkadot planning to scale as more parachains go live?
Polkadot scales by design using parallelization. Each parachain runs independently but plugs into the shared Relay Chain for security and coordination. This parallel structure, called “sharding” in other contexts, lets Polkadot process multiple transactions at once, unlike blockchains that process blocks linearly.
Think of it this way...
It’s like upgrading from a single checkout lane at the supermarket to 50 self-service kiosks. More people can check out faster because tasks aren’t competing for the same resource.
Scaling further, Polkadot is rolling out features like asynchronous backing, which allows parachains to validate blocks more efficiently, and nested relay chains, which would let the network have “Relay Chains of Relay Chains,” expanding its capacity even more.
Key Takeaways
In short, Polkadot doesn’t scale by making one chain faster; it scales by adding more chains that work together without losing security.
How do parachain auctions impact the growth of the Polkadot ecosystem?
Parachain auctions determine which projects get to connect to Polkadot as a parachain. Since space is limited, projects compete for slots by bidding $DOT tokens, often with help from the community through crowdloans. This auction system helps filter for serious, well-supported projects that are ready to scale.
Think of it this way...
Think of it like a music festival with a limited number of artist slots. Bands apply to perform, but only those with real backing and support from fans get on stage. This keeps the lineup strong and the audience engaged.
For the Polkadot ecosystem, auctions drive growth in three ways: they attract developer talent, encourage $DOT token staking and usage, and kickstart ecosystems around each winning parachain. Some examples include Acala (DeFi), Moonbeam (smart contracts), and Astar (multi-chain dApps). Each adds meaningful functionality to the broader network.
Governance is baked in at every level. Not just for upgrades, but for economic and roadmap decisions too. It’s democracy, DAO-style.
Risks and Limitations
Technical risks
Relay Chain bugs or implementation errors in parachains can lead to systemic failures. This is bleeding-edge territory; one misconfigured validator set or bridge exploit could have ripple effects across the network. And while shared security sounds great, it also introduces correlated risks. A compromised Relay Chain is bad news for everyone.
Economic complexity
Slot auctions require projects to lock up large amounts of $DOT, imposing a capital cost that heavily favors VC-backed projects. Smaller players can’t easily compete unless they run community crowdloans, which adds legal and regulatory risk. Also, long staking and unbonding periods (up to 28 days) make $DOT less nimble for users who want liquidity.
Regulatory uncertainty
Like all public chains, Polkadot lives in the gray zone. Its governance model dances on the edge of DAO territory, which regulators are still trying to define. And parachains with financial functions must navigate an inconsistent regulatory world across jurisdictions.
Final Thoughts: What Is Polkadot ($DOT) and Why It Matters
Polkadot isn’t trying to be another Ethereum. It’s trying to be the protocol other protocols can live on. Instead of everyone building silos, it offers a canvas to connect chains, share costs, and evolve together.
From a long-term view? It’s an ambitious bet on the modular, multichain future of Web3. The idea isn’t just about speed or NFTs, it’s about making decentralized protocols actually interoperable at scale.
If you’re interested in the future of composability, if you’re a builder tired of Layer 1 limitations, or if you simply want to understand how crypto might escape the tribal wars of chain maximalism, you owe it to yourself to watch what’s happening on Polkadot.
Want to go deeper? Start here:
- What is blockchain scalability, and what are the current solutions?
- What is composability in DeFi, and why is it a competitive advantage?
- What are rollups, and how do they scale Ethereum?
No one knows if Polkadot will become the backbone of Web3, but if we’re betting on infrastructure and coordination, this protocol is already writing the blueprints.